摘要: |
Steam globalization is the term that John Darwin used in his latest book Unlocking the World to define the period between 1830 and 1930. He analyzed how the innovation of steam unleashed an unseen kind of globalization, powered by the steamship, the railway locomotive, the steam printing press, and the telegraph, binding together two great systems of the 19th century: free trade and empire. Darwin, who until his retirement in 2020, was a professor of imperial and global history at the University of Oxford, UK, studied his subject from the angle of port cities, treating his reader to time-warp visits of iconic places such as New York, Singapore, Shanghai, London, Antwerp, and others. The basics of port competitiveness were founded in the age of steam and the first port authorities also saw the light of day in this era, such as the Port of London Authority, created in 1909 to coordinate all the various elements of the port economy at a time when the volume and size of shipping were increasing rapidly. |