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Real-world emissions from model year 1993, 2000, and 2010 passenger cars
| 题名： | Real-world emissions from model year 1993, 2000, and 2010 passenger cars |
| 作者： | Watkins, R.;Goodwin, R.;Ross, M.; |
| 关键词： | 02 PETROLEUM ;54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; AUTOMOBILES; POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT; EXHAUST GASES; EMISSION; AIR POLLUTION; CARBON MONOXIDE; HYDROCARBONS; TRUCKS; STANDARDS; COMBUSTION PRODUCTS; UNLEADED GASOLINE; CATALYTIC CONVERTERS; NITROGEN OXIDES; FORECASTING; SEASONAL VARIATIONS |
| 摘要： | Air pollution by cars and light trucks is a major problem in metropolitan areas in the United States and around the world. Much of the discussion of this issue is based on the emissions per vehicle mile as determined under somewhat artificial testing conditions. The pollutants actually emitted vary considerably with the particular vehicle and the way it is driven, but the average emissions per mile are much higher than the test values. This report concerns the sources and levels of excess emissions, and the potential for reducing them. The history of automotive emissions regulation reveals remarkable success in reducing the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NO{sub x}) from new automobiles - as measured in certification tests. The grams-per-mile (g/mile) standards for these tests are stringent, with 96%reductions mandated in comparison to the estimated pre-control (mid-1960s) levels for CO and HC; and 75%reductions mandated for NO{sub x}. Powerful new technologies have been developed and incorporated into every new vehicle in order to accomplish these reductions. Most noteworthy are the catalytic converter and closed-loop engine controls; the latter includes sensors before and after the engine proper, and computer analysis of the information leading to real-time control of fuel injection, with the principal objective of maintaining just the right chemical balance of fuel and air. The average lifetime real-world g/mile emissions associated with conventional gasoline fueled cars for model years 1993, 2000, and 2010 have been projected. Results are discussed. |
| 总页数： | 107p |
| 报告类型： | 科技报告 |
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