摘要: |
Since the 1970s, due to the multiple crises of stagflation, oil, and the gold standard, the global national strategy has gradually shifted from spatial Keynesianism to encourage greater liberalism and transnational economic flows (Bach 2011). The pursuit of efficiency and modernity has led countries, especially developing countries, to create enclaves in their sovereign territories over the past half-century. They have set up various zones (e.g., industrial zones, free trade zones, and export-processing zones) and tried to build them as economic engines. As a result, these zones have benefited the local region or nation, with job creation, technological catch-up, and infrastructure construction. However, central or local governments have also sacrificed fiscal revenue, resulting in unbalanced development among regions; this regional imbalance might further lead underdeveloped regions to imitate successful special economic zones (SEZs) to attract capital and spur development (Easterling 2014; Palit and Bhattacharjee 2008). |