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Guidelines for Establishing GPS-Derived Orthometric Heights.
| 题名： | Guidelines for Establishing GPS-Derived Orthometric Heights. |
| 作者： | Carlson, E. E.; Smith, C. L.; Zilkoski, D. B. |
| 关键词： | Celestial Geodesy; Error Analysis; Estimating; Global Positioning; Gravimetry; Guidance System; Navigation Systems; System |
| 摘要： | Since 1983, NGS has performed control survey projects in the United States using GPS surveying techniques. Analysis of the survey data has shown that GPS can be used to establish precise relative positions in a three-dimensional, Earth-centered coordinate system. GPS carrier-phase measurements are used to determine vector base lines in space, where the components of the base line are expressed in terms of Cartesian coordinate differences (Ax, Ay, and Az) (Remondi 1984). The vector base lines can be converted to ellipsoidal coordinate (latitude, longitude and height) differences (Ao, Ae and Ah) relative to a defined reference ellipsoid. When the use of GPS technology began, project results clearly showed that GPS survey methods could replace classical horizontal control terrestrial survey methods. There was a problem, however, in obtaining sufficiently accurate geoid heights to convert GPS-derived ellipsoid height differences to accurate GPS-derived orthometric height differences (Zilkoski and Hothem 1989, Hajela 1990, Milbert 1991). The interest in obtaining accurate GPS-derived orthometric heights has increased in the last decade (Parks and Milbert 1995, Kuang et al. 1996, Satalich 1996, Zilkoski and DOnofrio 1996, Henning et al. 1998, Martin 1998). Simultaneously, research at NGS began concentrating on customizing geoid models specifically for use as a converter between the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83) ellipsoid heights and NAVD 88 Helmert orthometric heights (Smith and Milbert 1999, Smith and Roman 2001). |
| 报告类型： | 科技报告 |
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