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Research and Development
QUANTIFICATION OF METHANE EMISSIONS AND DISCUSSION OF NITROUS OXIDE. AND AMMONIA EMISSIONS FROM SEPTIC TANKS. LATRINES. AND STAGNANT OPEN SEWERS IN THE WORLD
| 题名： | Research and Development QUANTIFICATION OF METHANE EMISSIONS AND DISCUSSION OF NITROUS OXIDE. AND AMMONIA EMISSIONS FROM SEPTIC TANKS. LATRINES. AND STAGNANT OPEN SEWERS IN THE WORLD |
| 作者： | Michicl RJ. Doom and David S. Liles ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller |
| 关键词： | quantification；emission；development；septic；research；oxide；tagn；disc；wastewater；world |
| 摘要： | This study is a first attempt to estimate global and country-specific methane (CH4) emissions from open sewers and on-site wastewater treatment systems, including latrines and septic sewage tanks. It is the follow-up of an earlier report that includes CH4 and N2O estimates from treated industrial and domestic wastewater. This study uses an emission factor that expresses CH4 emissions in terms of removed Chemical Oxygen Demand (CODremoved)-Combined global CH4 emissions from latrines, septic sewage tanks, and stagnant, open sewers are estimated to be 29 teragrams per year (Tg/yr), with lower and upper bound ranges of 14 and 49 Tg/yr. These ranges reflect boundaries in the parameters that could be quantified through measurements, i.e., the emission factor and COD loadings. Major uncertainties in the estimates are associated with the degrees to which wastewater in developing and eastern European countries is treated in latrines or septic tanks, or removed by sewer. Also, the amount of wastewater that is discharged into stagnant, open sewers and the degree to which anaerobic decomposition takes place in these sewers are highly uncertain. Latrines in rural areas of developing countries such as China and India arc believed to be the single most significant source of methane, accounting for roughly 12 Tg/yr. Total emissions from stagnant, open sewers arc estimated at around 10 Tg/yr. Trends in these emissions in the future will likely be driven by changes due to health considerations. Although significant gains have been made in the provision of sanitation services in cities, these efforts have been nullified by rapid urban population growth. In rural areas of developing countries, lack of sanitation is not likely to become a significant health problem and no trends towards other sanitation systems are expected. Consequently, both rural latrines and urban stagnant, open sewers arc expected to remain significant sources of methane emissions in the future. An appendix to this report includes a discussion of nitrogen cycle effects in these systems to qualify ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N20) emissions from these systems. It was concluded that these systems are not likely to contribute any significant quantity of NH, and N2O to the atmosphere. |
| 报告类型： | 科技报告 |
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