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原文传递 Low Carbon Fuel Standard Program Air Emissions Effects

题名：	Low Carbon Fuel Standard Program Air Emissions Effects
作者：	Lindhjem, C.
关键词：	Fuels##Carbon monoxide##Air quality##Emissions##Biogas##Diesel fuels##Greenhouse effects##Liquefied natural gas##Organic compounds##Ozone##Particulates##Transportation fuels##Vehicles##Low carbon fuel standard(LCFS)##
摘要：	The purpose of the California Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) is to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by reducing the full fuel-cycle carbon intensity of the transportation fuel pool used in the state. While the LCFS may reduce GHG emissions, the resulting effect on precursor emissions of ozone and particulate matter (PM) and consequential effects on air quality are less well understood. This report critically reviews the relevant literature of how the LCFS rule affect air emissions and air quality. A point-by-point discussion of the ARB-expected emissions impact of the LCFS is provided here. (1) Uncertainties in the emission impacts assessment: The low end of the emission impact could be nearly emissions neutral if few biofuels facilities are built and sales of advance technology and CNG vehicles continue at current low rates. The emissions increases from biofuel transport would nearly mask the emission reductions from advanced and low emissions vehicle introduction. The high end emission change could be a reduction in emissions of up to twice the level that ARB forecasted if larger than expected numbers of advance and low emission technology vehicles are introduced and biofuels facilities can be located near feedstock and blending terminals. (2) Temporal and spatial allocation of the emissions increases and reductions: The spatial allocation of emission changes could result in increases or decreases regionally, regardless of the statewide effect. Emission reductions from new clean fuels or vehicles would be experienced throughout the state. In some regions, the introduction of low emission. There was no basis to suggest that there would be a significant seasonal, day of week, or time of day temporal allocation associated with the forecasted emission reductions. 3. Grid model capability to distinguish the difference in secondary species and the need to model to discover the LCFS effect on the demonstration of attainment: ARB (2009) did not perform ozone modeling to estimate the impact of the change in criteria pollutant emissions due to the LCFS. ARB asserts that, due to the relatively small magnitude of potential emission reductions associated with LCFS, which are much less than the approximately 5 percent inventory delta that is an accepted minimum for grid-based modeling to avoid numerical artifacts, it is not practical to expect the air quality model to reasonably predict the cumulative potential benefit on ozone air quality.
总页数：	27
报告类型：	科技报告