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Characterizing the Effect of Chlorine and Chloramines on the Formation of Biofilm in a Simulated Drinking Water Distribution System
| 题名： | Characterizing the Effect of Chlorine and Chloramines on the Formation of Biofilm in a Simulated Drinking Water Distribution System |
| 作者： | Clark, R. W.; Sivaganesan, M. |
| 关键词： | Water pollution control; Chlorine; Chloramines; Drinking water; Pipe walls; Mathematical models; Distribution; Formation; Water quality; Microbial contamination; Bacteria |
| 摘要： | Drinking water treatment in the United States has played a major role in protecting public health through the reduction of waterborne disease. However, carcinogenic and toxic contaminants continue to threaten the quality of surface and ground water in the United States. The passage of the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 and the subsequent amendments reflect this concern. The Safe Drinking Water Act and its Amendments have been interpreted as meaning that some Maximum Contaminant levels (MCLs) promulgated under the Act shall be met at the consumers tap, which in turn, has forced inclusion of entire distribution system when considering compliance with a number of the Act's MCLs, Rules and Regulations. The Surface Water Treatment Rule which was promulgated under the Act requires that a detectable disinfectant be maintained at representative locations in the distribution system to provide protection from microbial contamination and to maintain water quality in the distribution system. One aspect of maintaining water quality in drinking water distribution systems is controlling biofilm on distribution system pipe walls. Investigators have demonstrated the occurrence of high concentrations of bacteria in tubercles that exist in water mains, especially unlined cast iron mains, and on various types of pipe surfaces. A study was conducted jointly by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the University of Nancy in France to examine the control of microorganisms in treated water and the pipe wall. |
| 总页数： | 52p |
| 报告类型： | 科技报告 |
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