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原文传递 Learning from Automation Surprises and 'Going Sour' Accidents Progress on Human-Centered Automation

题名：	Learning from Automation Surprises and 'Going Sour' Accidents Progress on Human-Centered Automation
作者：	Woods, David D.; Sarter, Nadine B.
关键词：	automation；surprise；learning；center；human；ogre；sour；ress；ident；cide
摘要：	Advances in technology and new levels of automation on commercial jet transports has had many effects. There have been positive effects from both an economic and a safety point of view. The technology changes on the flight deck also have had reverberating effects on many other aspects of the aviation system and different aspects of human performance. Operational experience, research investigations, incidents, and occasionally accidents have shown that new and sometimes surprising problems have arisen as well. What are these problems with cockpit automation, and what should we learn from them Do they represent over-automation or human error Or instead perhaps there is a third possibility - they represent coordination breakdowns between operators and the automation Are the problems just a series of small independent glitches revealed by specific accidents or near misses Do these glitches represent a few small areas where there are cracks to be patched in what is otherwise a record of outstanding designs and systems Or do these problems provide us with evidence about deeper factors that we need to address if we are to maintain and improve aviation safety in a changing world How do the reverberations of technology change on the flight deck provide insight into generic issues about developing human-centered technologies and systems (Winograd and Woods, 1997) Based on a series of investigations of pilot interaction with cockpit automation (Sarter and Woods, 1992 1994 1995 1997a, 1997 b), supplemented by surveys, operational experience and incident data from other studies (e.g., Degani et al., 1995 Eldredge et al., 1991 Tenney et al., 1995 Wiener, 1989), we too have found that the problems that surround crew interaction with automation are more than a series of individual glitches. These difficulties are symptoms that indicate deeper patterns and phenomena concerning human-machine cooperation and paths towards disaster. In addition, we find the same kinds of patterns behind results from studies of physician interaction with computer-based systems in critical care medicine (e.g., Moll van Charante et al., 1993 Obradovich and Woods, 1996 Cook and Woods, 1996). Many of the results and implications of this kind of research are synthesized and discussed in two comprehensive volumes, Billings (1996) and Woods et al. (1994). This paper summarizes the pattern that has emerged from our research, related research, incident reports, and accident investigations. It uses this new understanding of why problems arise to point to new investment strategies that can help us deal with the perceived 'human error' problem, make automation more of a team player, and maintain and improve safety.
报告类型：	科技报告