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Conversion of Specific Gravity to Salinity for Ballast Water Regulatory Management.
| 题名： | Conversion of Specific Gravity to Salinity for Ballast Water Regulatory Management. |
| 作者： | reid, d. f. |
| 关键词： | regulations, ships, aquatic ecosystems, gravity, salinity, equations of state, mathematical models, graphs, united states, canada |
| 摘要： | To reduce the risk of new aquatic species introductions to coastal ecosystem via the ballast tanks of ocean-going ships, both the United States and Canada have established regulatory and/or policy requirements based on assuring that the salinity of incoming ballast water, including residual ballast water, is 0 ppt or greater. However, common shipboard practice for management of ballast water is to determine the specific gravity of the water, not the salinity. Thus there is a technical disconnect between the information the ship typically records and what the regulatory agencies need. In 1981 a new equation of state for seawater was established, including a highly accurate mathematical relationship between density, salinity, temperature, and pressure. The equation is valid for salinity from 2 to 42 (practical salinity) and temperature from -2 to 35 degrees C. The equation of state for seawater was used to calculate a set of tables relating salinity to density and specific gravity, which were then converted into a related series of graphs, presented in this report, that can be used by ships crews and regulators alike to convert between salinity and specific gravity. / NOTE:Technical memo. |
| 总页数： | u0707；24p |
| 报告类型： | 科技报告 |
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- Hastings National Demonstration Project: A Case Study for Practical Ballast Water Management
- Symposium on Ballast Water Management and Aquatic Nuisance Species: Setting a Research Agenda for the Great Lakes. Held in Duluth, Minnesota on April 29, 1999.
- Shipping Study: The Role of Shipping in the Introduction of Non-indigenous Aquatic Organisms to the Coastal Waters of the United States (Other than the Great Lakes) and an Analysis of Control Options.
- Assessing the Relationship Between Propagule Pressure and Invasion Risk in Ballast Water
- Ballast Water Exchange: Exploring the Feasibility of Alternate Ballast Water Exchange Zones in the North Atlantic. Report from a Workshop held October 27-28, 2003 in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
- 2008 Summary of Great Lakes Seaway Ballast Water Working Group. March 2009.
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