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原文传递 Total environmental warming impact (TEWI) calculations for alternative automative air-conditioning systems

题名：	Total environmental warming impact (TEWI) calculations for alternative automative air-conditioning systems
作者：	Fischer, S.K.;Sand, J.R.;
关键词：	54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES ;32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATION ; GREENHOUSE EFFECT; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; REFRIGERANTS; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS; AUTOMOBILES; AIR CONDITIONERS; CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS; ANALYTICAL SOLUTION; METEOROLOGY; COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE; USA; EUROPE
摘要：	The Montreal Protocol phase-out of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) has required manufacturers to develop refrigeration and air-conditioning systems that use refrigerants that can not damage stratospheric ozone. Most refrigeration industries have adapted their designs to use hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) or hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants; new automobile air- conditioning systems use HFC-134a. These industries are now being affected by scientific investigations of greenhouse warming and questions about the effects of refrigerants on global warming. Automobile air-conditioning has three separate impacts on global warming; (1) the effects of refrigerant inadvertently released to the atmosphere from accidents, servicing, and leakage; (2) the efficiency of the cooling equipment (due to the emission of C0{sub 2} from burning fuel to power the system); and (3) the emission of C0{sub 2} from burning fuel to transport the system. The Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI) is an index that should be used to compare the global warming effects of alternative air-conditioning systems because it includes these contributions from the refrigerant, cooling efficiency, and weight. This paper compares the TEWI of current air-conditioning systems using HFC-134a with that of transcritical vapor compression system using carbon dioxide and systems using flammable refrigerants with secondary heat transfer loops. Results are found to depend on both climate and projected efficiency of C0{sub 2}systems. Performance data on manufacturing prototype systems are needed to verify the potential reductions in TEWI. Extensive field testing is also required to determine the performance, reliability, and``serviceability`` of each alternative to HFC-134a to establish whether the potential reduction of TEWI can be achieved in a viable consumer product.
总页数：	13p
报告类型：	科技报告