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原文传递 Allocation of Visual Attention for Aircraft Traffic Monitoring and Avoidance: Baseline Measures and Implications for Freeflight.

题名：	Allocation of Visual Attention for Aircraft Traffic Monitoring and Avoidance: Baseline Measures and Implications for Freeflight.
作者：	wickens, c. d. xu, x. helleberg, j. r. carbonari, r. marsh, r.
关键词：	eye movements, flight simulator, meteorological conditions, cockpit display, scanning
摘要：	We describe two experiments in which 17 certified flight instructors flew a series of traffic avoidance maneuvers while their eye movements were recorded. Both experiments were carried out in a high fidelity flight simulator with full visual (outside scene) capabilities, simulating visual meteorological conditions. In a baseline experiment, pilots were instructed by ATC to fly certain lateral and vertical avoidance maneuvers around traffic. In a freeflight experiment, pilots encountered traffic problems with similar geometry and engaged in maneuvers of similar complexity to those in the baseline experiment, but they now self-selected their own avoidance maneuvers by relying upon a cockpit display of traffic information which was mounted within the cockpit. In both experiments the time required for pilots to make visual contact with all traffic was recorded. In the baseline experiment, pilots spent roughly 60%of the time allocating visual attention (scanning) within the cockpit (on the instrument panel) with dwells that averaged approximately 6 seconds, while scanning outside the cockpit (for traffic) approximately 40%of the time, with dwells of approximately 2.5 seconds. In the freeflight experiment, the allocation of attention within the cockpit increased to approximately 80%given the additional requirement to monitor the CDTI and use it to coordinate avoidance maneuvers. Visual attention was distributed equally between monitoring the CDTI and the outside world for traffic monitoring. The CDTI gained increased attention when pilots used it to plan and execute conflict avoidance maneuvers. In spite of the reduced amount of attention given to the outside world during freeflight, pilots were not less efficient in monitoring the outside world for traffic, nor did they show evidence for any automation-induced attentional tunneling (delay in visually observing an aircraft not depicted on the CDTI), relative to pilots in the baseline condition. The results are described within the framework of a three component model of information sampling, which accommodates components related to the information content (bandwidth and expectancy), the importance of information, and effort required to access each source of information. / NOTE: Technical rept. / Supplementary Notes: Sponsored by Federal Aviation Administration, Oklahoma City, OK. / Availability Note: Order this product from NTIS by: phone at 1-800-553-NTIS (U.S. customers); (703)605-6000 (other countries); fax at (703)605-6900; and email at orders@ntis.gov. NTIS is located at 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA, 22161, USA.
报告类型：	科技报告